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Programming Language
Programming languages, or commonly termed also with computer languages, is the technique of command / instruction standards to govern the computer.This programming language is a set of rules of syntax and semantics are used to define a computer program.
This language allows a programmer to specify exactly which data to be processed by a computer, how the data is stored / transmitted, and exactly what kind of measures to be taken in a variety of situations.
According to the degree of proximity to the engine computer, a programming language consists of:
- Machine language, providing commands to the computer by using the language of binary code, machine language examples 01100101100110
- Low level languages, or known as assembly language (English Assembly), which gives orders to the computer using a short code (mnemonic code), examples of low-level languages MOV, SUB, CMP, JMP, JGE, JL, LOOP, etc..
- Intermediate Language, the computer language that uses a mixture of instruction in the words of human language (see example below the High Level Languages) and the instructions that are symbolic, for example, {,},?, <<, >>, &&, | |, etc..
- High level languages, the languages of computers that use the instructions come from the elements of human language words, such as begin, end, if, for, while, and, or, etc..
- Most programming languages are classified as high-level language, C language only classified as Intermediate Language and Assembly Language Level is Low.
1. HTML Programming Language
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a markup language used tocreate a web
page and display a variety of information in an Internet browser. HTML is now a
standard Internet use is defined and controlled by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C). HTML form tag code that instructs the browser to produce the look as
desired. A file is an HTML file can be opened using a web browser such as Mozilla
Firefox or Microsoft Internet Explorer.
2. PHP Programming Language
PHP is a scripting programming language most widely used today. PHP was first
created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. At that time PHP was named FI (Form
Interpreted), which is realized in the form of a set of scripts that are used to process
data from the web form. PHP is widely used to create dynamic web sites, although it
was likely used for other uses. PHP generally runs on a Linux operating system
(PHP hosting can also be run with windows).
3. ASP Programming Languages
ASP stands for Active Server Pages which is one of the web programming language
for creating dynamic web pages. ASP is one of the products the technology provided
by Microsoft. ASP works on a web server and a server side scripting.
4. XML Programming Language
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language versatile W3C
recommended to describe a wide range of data. XML uses tags such as HTML
markup but its use is not limited to a single web page display. XML is a method to
create bookmarks / markup in a document.
5. WML Programming Language
WML stands for Wireless Markup Language, which is programming languages ??
are used in applications based on XML (eXtensible Markup Langauge). WML is a
programming language that is used in wireless applications. WML is analogous to
HTML that runs on a wireless protocol.
6. PERL Programming Language
Perl is a programming language for the machine with the Unix operating system
(SunOS, Linux, BSD, HP-UX), is available for operating systems such as DOS,
Windows, PowerPC, BeOS, VMS, EBCDIC, and PocketPC. PERL is a programming
language-like programming language C.
7. CFM Programming Language
Cfm created using ColdFusion tags with Adobe ColdFusion / BlueDragon /
Coldfusion Studio. Syntax based coldfusion html.
8. Javascript Programming Language
Javascript is a powerful scripting language that runs on the client.JavaScript is a
scripting language developed by Netscape. To run the script, written with
JavaScript we need a JavaScript-enabled browser is a browser capable of running
JavaScript.
9. CSS Programming Language
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a stylesheet language used to manage the display of
a document written in a markup language. The most common use of CSS is to format
web pages written in HTML and XHTML. Nevertheless, the language itself can be
used for all types of XML documents, including SVG and XUL. CSS specifications set
by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Generation I Programming Language
The first-generation programming language oriented machine. Programs compiled using machine language. Certainly generation program is very difficult to be understood by the layman and very tedious for programmers. Programmers should really master the technical operation of the computer. But the language of this generation gives a very fast program execution. Moreover, the language of the machine depends on the machine (machine dependent), that is, between one machine language machine with other machines will be different.
Generation II Programming Language
Second-generation programming language used assembly language (assembly). In lieu of binary codes, is used short words. Suppose the "MOV" to declare "MOVE" and JNZ which means "non-zero jump". Each instruction in assembly language is virtually identical to one machine language instruction. The language is a little easier to understand than machine language. The language is a little easier to understand than machine language commands given in the form of shortened words is easier than remembering a row of binary digits.
Here is an example of instructions written in assembly language will be as follows:
It appears that the use of notation such as MOV AH, 02 is much easier to remember or understand than writing instruction in machine language: B402 0100 0000 or 1011 0010.
Generasi III Programming Language
The third-generation programming languages ??using a procedural approach. As a procedural language, the programmer needs to write detailed instructions for your computer to perform tasks. Programs written using words commonly used by humans, such as WRITE to display something on the screen and READ to read data from the keyboard.
Third-generation language is often referred to as a high level language because this language using words commonly used by humans. Some examples of programming languages ??that are categorized as the third generation of the ADA, ALGOL, C, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, and PASCAL.
Generation IV Programming Language
The fourth-generation programming language designed to reduce programming time in making the program which is expected to increase the productivity of the programmer and the program can be made in a shorter time. As a result, the fourth-generation programming language known as 4GL can be used by users who are not informed about the technical stuff about programming without the help of a professional programmer. For example, the programmer can create a program with Microsoft Access on the PC with ease.
The fourth-generation programming languages ??commonly referred to as a high level language or problem-oriented language (problem oriented language) as it enables the user to solve the problem with a bit of writing code than in procedural languages. The fourth-generation programming language using non-procedural approach. To get a result, a user does not need to be informed in detail about how to get it. The figure below gives an example showing the difference a procedural language and non-procedural in obtaining data about a student.
Generation V Programming Language
The fifth-generation programming language is a programming language group to tackle artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence). Artificial intelligence is a discipline within computer science that studies how computers emulate human intelligence. Various applications of human intelligence is as follows:
- Natural language processing, which set up the computers to communicate with humans through human language (Indonesian, English, Spanish, French, etc.).
- Controlling robotics and sensor eyes.
- Application of expert systems (expert systems) that mimics an expert in a particular field so that it can generate advice or thoughts which is equivalent to an expert.
- By using the fifth-generation language it is possible to perform the command by way conversation like the following:
PROLOG and LISP are two examples of programming languages ??aimed at dealing with artificial intelligence.
